REFERENCES BY CASE
CASE 1: Oral Herbicide (Diquat) Exposure
- Jones, Giselle M. and J. Allister Vale. Mechanisms of Toxicity, Clinical Features, and Management of Diquat Poisoning: A Review. Clinical Toxicology 2000;38(2):123-128.
- Lock, Edward A. and Martin F. Wilks. Diquat. In: Krieger, Robert I. (ed). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, 2nd ed. Volume 2. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2001, pp. 1605-1621.
- Lock, Edward A. and Martin F. Wilks. Paraquat. In: Krieger, Robert I. (ed). Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, 2nd ed. Volume 2. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 2001, pp. 1559-1603.
- Reigart, Routt J. and James R. Roberts. Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings, 5th ed. Washington, DC: Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1999, pp. 108-117.
- Saeed, S.A.M., M.F. Wilks, and M. Coupe. Acute Diquat Poisoning With Intracerebral Bleeding. Postgrad. Med. Journal 2001;77:329-332
- Talbot, Alan. Paraquat and Diquat. In: Brent, Jeffrey et al (eds). Critical Care Toxicology: Diagnosis and Management of the Critically Poisoned Patient. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Mosby, 2005, pp. 947-961
- U.S. Geological Survey. Diquat- herbicide, 2002 estimated annual agricultural use. Department of the Interior/USGS. 25 Feb 2008.
CASE 2: Organophosphate Exposure in a Fieldworker
- Pesticides and Reproduction
- Clementi, M., R. Causin, et al. (2007). A study of the impact of agricultural pesticide use on the prevalence of birth defects in northeast Italy. Reprod Toxicol 24(1): 1-8.
- Andersen, H. R., I. M. Schmidt, et al. (2008). Impaired reproductive development in sons of women occupationally exposed to pesticides during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 116(4): 566-72.
- Farr SL, Cai J, Savitz DA, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA, and Cooper GS. (2006) Pesticide exposure and timing of menopause: the Agricultural Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology. 163(8):731-742.
- Farr SL, Cooper GS, Cai J, Savitz DA, Sandler DP. (2004). Pesticide Use and Menstrual Cycle Characteristics Among Premenopausal Women in the Agricultural Health Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 160(12):1194-204.
- Eskenazi B, Marks AR, Bradman A, Harley K, Barr DB, Johnson C, Morga N, Jewell NP. Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure and Neurodevelopment in Young Mexican-American Children. Environmental Health Perspectives. May 2007; 115:792-798.
- Bradman A, Schwartz JM, Fenster L, Barr DB, Holland NT, Eskenazi B. Factors predicting organochlorine pesticide levels in pregnant Latina women living in a United States agricultural area. JESEE., 2006, In press.Pesticides and Children
- Curl, CL et. Al., Evaluation of Take-Home Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure among Agricultural Workers and Their Children. Environmental Health Perspectives. December 2002; 110: A787-A792.
CASE 3: An Endosulfan Poisoning
[needed]
CASE 4: Chemical Skin Burn with Paraquat (Herbicide)
- Van Wendel de Joode BN, De Graaf IAM, Wesseling C, Kromhout H. Paraquat Exposure of Knapsack Spray Operators on Banana Plantations in Costa Rica. Int J Occup Environ Health. 1996 Oct;2(4):294-304.
- Dalvie, MA, White, N, Raine, R, Myers, JE, London, L, Thompson, M, Christiani, DC. (1999). Long term respiratory health effects of the herbicide, paraquat, among workers in the Western Cape, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56:391–396.
- Dinis-Oliveira, RJ, Sarmento, A, Reis, R, Amaro, A, Remia, F, Bastos,ML, Carvalho, F. (2006). Acute Paraquat Poisoning: Report of a Survival Case Following Intake of a Potential Lethal Dose Pediatric Emergency Care. 22(7): 537-540.
- Dinham, B. (2004), Why Paraquat should be banned. Outlooks on Pest Management , December: 268-271.
- Hutchinson G, Daisley H, Simmons V, Gordon AN. (1991). Suicide by poisoning. : West Indian Medical Journal. 40(2):69-73.
- Schenker, MB, Stoecklin, M, Lee, K, Lupercio, R, Zeballos, RJ, Enright, P, Hennessy, T, Beckett, LA, (2004). Pulmonary Function and Exercise-associated Changes with Chronic Low-Level Paraquat Exposure. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 170: 773–779.
- Sittipunt, C. (2005). Paraquat Poisoning. Respiratory Care, 50(3): 383-385.
- Valcin, M, Henneberger, PK, Kullman, GJ, London, SJ, Alavanja, MR, Sandler, DP, Hoppin, JA, (2007). Chronic Bronchitis Among Nonsmoking Farm Women in the Agricultural Health Study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49(5):574–583.
CASE 5: A Lindane Overexposure
Lindane Treatment: Risks and Hazards, Pharmacology
- Sudakin, DL (2007) Fatality after a single dermal application of Lindane. Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health, 62(4), 201-203.
- Forrester, M., Sievert, J., and Stanley S. (2004). Epidemiology of Lindane Exposures for Pediculosis Reported to Poison Centers in Texas, 1998–2002. Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology, 42(1):55–60. (Epidemiology)
- Reports of adverse events associated with Lindane use – Memo written by Julie Beitz, Director of Drug Safety, United States Department of Health and Human Service, Food and Drug Administration (Overview of Lindane including report on top 20 adverse events)
- Karr, C.J., Solomon, G.M., Brock-Utne, A.C. (2007). Health effects of common home, lawn and garden pesticides. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 54, 63-80.
- Riffat F, Cheng A. (2009). Pediatric caustic ingestion: 50 consecutive cases and a review of the literature. Diseases of the Esophagus. 22(1):89-94
- US EPA. Children’s Health Protection.
General Information
- Bouchard M.F., Bellinger D.C., Wright R.O., Weisskopf M.G. (2010). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and urinary metabolites of organophosphate pesticides. Pediatrics. 125(6):e1270-7
- Garry, V.F. (2004). Pesticides and children. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 198 (2), 152-163.
- Rosas, L.G. & Eskenazi, B., (2008). Pesticides and child development. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 20:191-197.
- * Alarcon W.A., Calvert G.M., Blondell J.M., Mehler L.N., Sievert J., Propeck M., Tibbetts D.S., Becker A., Lackovic M., Soileau S.B., Das R., Beckman J., Male D.P., Thomsen C.L., Stanbury M. (2005), Acute illnesses associated with pesticide exposures at schools. JAMA, 294(4), 455-465.
- * Naeher L.P., Barr D.B., Rithmire N., Edwards J., Holmes A.K., Needham L.L., Rubin C.S. (2008). Pesticide exposure resulting from treatment of lice infestation in school-aged children in Georgia. Environment International, 35(2), 358-362.
- Landrigan, P.J., Kimmel, C.A., Correa, A., Eskenazi, B. (2004). Children’s Health and the Environment: Public Health Issues and Challenges for Risk Assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112 (2), 257-265.
- Lloyd-Smith, M., Sheffield-Brotherton, B. (2008). Children’s Environmental Health: Intergenerational Equity in Action—A Civil Society Perspective. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1140: 190–200. (Social Issues)
- Sattler, B & Davis, ADB. (2008) Nurses’ role in children’s environmental health, Pediatric Nursing, 34(4):329-339.
CASE 6: Paresthesias - Is it Diabetes?
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. (2003). Public health statement: Pyrethrins and pyrethroids. Retrieved May 11, 2009, from:
- Bradberry, S. M., Cage, S. A., Proudfoot, A. T., & Vale, J. A. (2005). Poisoning due to pyrethroids. Toxicological Reviews, 24(2): 93-106.
- Lamb, J. P. (2007). Pyrethrins and pyrethroids. In K. R. Olson (Ed.), Poisoning and drug overdose (5th ed.).
- Proudfoot, A. T. (2005). Poisoning due to pyrethrins.Toxicological Reviews 24 (2):107-113.
- Ray, D. E. & Forshaw, P. J. (2000). Pyrethroid insecticides: Poisoning syndromes, synergies, and therapy. Clinical Toxicology, 38(2), 95-101.
- Sudakin, D. L. (2004). Pesticide poisoning from synthetic pyrethroids. CD Summary, 53, 6.
- Watson, W. A., Litovitz, T. L., Klein-Schwartz, W., Rodgers, G. C., Youniss, J., Reid, N. et al. (2004). 2003 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System.
CASE 7: A Community Case Study - Farmworker Housing and Exposure
Immigrant Workers in Agriculture- AFL-CIO. (2005). Immigrant workers at risk: the urgent need for improved workplace safety and health policies and programs
- McCauley, L.A. (2005). Immigrant workers in the United States: recent trends, vulnerable populations, and challenges for occupational health. AAOHN Journal, 53(7), 313-319.
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. NORA document for public review and comment: national agriculture, forestry and fishing agenda.
- Bassil, K.L., Vakil, C., Sanborn, M., Cole, D.C., Kaur, J.S. & Kerr, K.J. (2007). Cancer health effects of pesticides: systematic review. Canadian Family Physician, 53, 1705-1711.
- Calvert, G.M., Karnik, J., Mehler, L., Beckman, J., Morissey, B., Sievert, J., et al. (2008). Acute pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers in the United States, 1998- 2005. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 51, 883-898.
- Sanborn, M., Kerr, K.J., Sanin, L.H., Cole, D.C., Bassil, K.L. & Vakil, C. (2007). Non-cancer health effects of pesticides: systematic review and implications for family doctors. Canadian Family Physician, 53, 1712-1720.
- Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, July 1977, 513-531.
- Salazar, M.K. & Beaton, R. (2000). Ecological model of occupational stress. AAOHN Journal, 48(10), 470-479.
- Salazar, M.K., Napolitano, M., Scherer, J.A., & McCauley, L.A. (2004). Hispanic adolescent farmworkers’ perceptions associated with pesticide exposure. Western Journal of Nursing Research, 26(2), 146-166.
- Stokols, D. (1996). Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. American Journal of Health Promotion, 10(4), 282-298.
CASE 8: A Farmworker Toddler - Assessing Pesticide Exposure Risk
- Edelman C., Mandle C. (2010) Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span. 7th Ed St. Louis: Mosby. Ch 19, p 443.
- Hagan J., Bright Futures 3rd Ed. National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health. Also available at www.brightfutures.org
- Murrary R., Zentner J., and Yakimo R. (2009) Health Promotion Strategies Through the life Span 8th Ed. Ch 11
CASE 9: A Poisoning in Taiwan from Contaminated Food
- Amer, S.M. & Sayed, M.A. (1987) Cytogenetic effects of the insecticide methamidophos in mouse bone
marrow and cultured mouse spleen cells. Z. Naturforsch. 42C, 21-30. - Bagos, A.C. & Beatty, P.W. (1991) The percutaneous absorption of methamidophos (SX-1757) in male
rats. Unpublished report from Chevron Chemical Co. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Bertolazzi, M., Caroldi, S., Moretto, A. & Lotti, M. (1991) Interaction of methamidophos with hen and
human acetylcholinesterase and neuropathy target esterase. Arch. Toxicol., 65, 580–585. - Bigger, C.A. & Sigler, C.I. (1993) CHO/HGPRT mutation assay—Monitor technical. Unpublished
report from Microbiological Associates, Inc. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Blom, H.J. & Tangerman, A. (1988) Methanethiol metabolism in whole blood. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 111,
606–610. - Bomann, W., Kaliner, G. & Mager, H. (1992) SRA 5172 (c.n. Methamidophos) subchronic dermal
neurotoxicity study (ninety-day hen study). Unpublished report from Bayer AG, file No. 21428.
Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Brown, R., Ames, R. & Mengle, D. (1989) Occupational illness from cholinesterase-inhibiting
pesticides among agricultural applicators in California. Arch. Environ. Health, 44, 1. - Canellakis, E.S. & Tarver, H. (1953) The metabolism of methyl mercaptan in the intact animal. Arch.
Biochem. Biophys., 42, 446–455. - Carlson, D., Vondruska, J.F. & Fancher, O.E. (1969) Effects of RE 9006-75%SX-171 on the
cholinesterase activity in the beagle dog. Unpublished report from Industrial Bio-test Laboratories, Inc.
Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Cavalli, R.D. & Hallesy, D.W. (1968a) Acute oral toxicity of RE 9006 (95%) in mice. Unpublished
report from Standard Oil Company of California. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Cavalli, R.D. & Hallesy, D.W. (1968b) Acute oral toxicity of RE 9006 (95%) in rats. Unpublished
report from Standard Oil Company of California. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Cavalli, R.D. & Hallesy, D.W. (1968c) Acute dermal toxicity of Monitor technical. Unpublished report
from Standard Oil Company of California. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Chen, H.H., Sirianni, S.R. & Huang, C.C. (1982a) Sister chromatid exchanges and cell-cycle delay in
Chinese hamster V79 cells treated with 9 organophosphorus compounds (8 pesticides and 1 defoliant).
Mutat. Res., 103, 307–313. - Chen, H.H., Sirianni, S.R. & Huang, C.C. (1982b) Sister chromatid exchanges in Chinese hamster cells
treated with seventeen organophosphorus compounds in the presence of a metabolic activation system.
Environ. Mutag., 4, 621–624. - Christenson, W.R. (1991) Technical grade methamidophos (Monitor), an eight-week subchronic
Pesticide residues in food:2002 - METHAMIDOPHOS cholinesterase study in Fischer 344 rats. Unpublished report from Mobay Chemical Corp. Submitted to
WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Crawford, C.R. & Anderson, R.H. (1973) The acute toxicity of Monitor technical in combination with
malathion technical to female rats. Unpublished report from ChemAgro Division of Baychem Corp.
Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Crossley, J. & Tutass, H.O. (1969) Metabolism of Monitor insecticide by rats. Unpublished report from
Chevron Chemical Co. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Curren, R.D. (1988) Unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat primary hepatocytes. Unpublished report from
Microbiological Associates, Inc. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Cushman, J.R. (1984) Modified Buehler test for the skin sensitization potential of methamidophos.
Unpublished report from Standard Oil Company of California. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Derr, R.F. & Draves, K. (1983) Methanethiol metabolism in the rat. Res. Communications Chem.
Pathol. Pharmacol., 39/3, 503–506. - Easter, M.D. & Rosenberg, D.W. (1986) The cholinesterase inhibition potential of analytical grade
methamidophos (SX-1672) and methamidophos technical (SX-1490) following topical application of a
single dose to adult male and female rats. Unpublished report from Chevron Environmental Health
Center, Inc. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Eigenberg, D.A., Pazdernik, T.L. & Doull, J. (1983) Haemoperfusion and pharmacokinetic studies with
methamidophos in the rat. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 3, 490–501. - Eigenberg, D.A., Freshwater, K.J. & Lake, S.G. (1998) A two-generation dietary reproduction study in
rats using technical methamidophos. Unpublished report from Bayer Corp., dated 5 January 1998, file
No. 8398. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Eisenlord, G.H. (1984) Dominant lethal study of methamidophos technical in mice. Unpublished report
from Standard Oil Company of California. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen. - Ellman, G.L., Courtney, K.D., Andres, V. & Featherstone, R.M. (1961) A new and rapid colorimetric
determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol., 7, 88–95. - El-Sebae, A.H., Ahmed, N.S., EL-Gendy, K.S., EL-Bakary, A.S. & Soliman, S.A. (1987)
Methamidophos (Tamaron)—A delayed neuropathic compound to man, but negative to chickens. In:
Proceedings of the Second National Conference on Pests and Diseases in Vegetables and Fruits,
Ismailia, Abstract No. 15, pp. 474–475. - Esber, H.J. (1983) In vivo cytogenetics study in mice, methamidophos technical (SX 1244).
Unpublished report from EG&G Mason Research Institute. Submitted to WHO by Bayer/Tomen.
Fakhr, I.M.I., Abdel-Hamid, F.M. & Afifi, L.M. (1982) In vivo metabolism of 32P-‘Tamaron’ in the rat.
Isotope Radiat. Res., 14, 49–55. -
Flucke, W. (1985) SRA 5172 TA (Tamaron TA)—c.n. methamidophos—Study for acute dermal
toxicity to the hen (Gallus domesticus). Unpublished report from Bayer AG, dated 17 August 1985, file
Pesticide residues in food:2002 - METHAMIDOPHOS
Case 10: A Pesticide Suicide Attempt
[needed]
Case 11: A Pyrethroid Inhalation from a Crop Duster
- Bradberry SM, Cage SA, Proudfoot AT, Vale JA. (2005). Poisoning due to pyrethroids. Toxicology Review. 24(2):93-106.
-
EPA Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings:
- Chapter 7: Pyrethrum and Pyrethrins
- Chapter 8: Pyrethroids
- Sutton PM, Vergara X, Beckman J, Nicas M, Das R (2007). Pesticide illness among flight attendants due to aircraft disinsection. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 50(5):345-56.
- Walters JK, Boswell LE, Green MK, Heumann MA, Karam LE, Morrissey BF, Waltz JE (2009). Pyrethrin and pyrethroid illnesses in the Pacific northwest: a five-year review. Public Health Reports, 124(1):149-59.
REFERENCES BY TOOL BOX
Taking an Occupational Environmental Health History
- Marshall L, et al. (2002) Identifying and Managing Adverse Environmental Health Effects: Taking an Exposure History. Can Med Ass J. 166 (8) 1049-55.
- Sanborn, M et al. Identifying and Managing the Adverse Environmental Health Effects: 4 Pesticides. Can Med Ass J. 166 (11) 1431-1436.
- Reigart JR, Roberts,JR. (1999) Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisonings. 5th Ed. Ch 3. Environmental and Occupational History. EPA. p.18-19.
- Blue AV et al. (2000). Medical students' abilities to take an occupational history: use of the WHACS mnemonic. J Occup Environ Med. 42(11):1050-3.
- Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR). Pediatric Environmental Health Toolkit
- National Environmental Education Foundation (NEETF) Pediatric Environmental History Form.
- CDC. Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children: Table 3.2. Guidelines for Questions to Ask Regarding a Child’s Environmental History
- National Environmental Education Foundation (NEETF). Environmental Health History Form for Pediatric Asthma Patient
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
- American Association of Poison Control Centers, Annual Reports
- Canadian Pesticide Literature Review
-
Environmental Working Group
- Nurses' Health a Survey on Health and Chemical Exposures, (Clinical Environmental Health Assessment, December 2007)
-
US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- Office of Pesticide Programs
- Recognition and Management of Pesticide Poisoning (Green Book)
-
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
- Food Quality Protection Act
- Sensor Case Definition and Severity Index (Report and Surveillance Systems)
- National Pesticide Competency Guide lines for Medical and Nursing Education (pdf)
- National Pesticide Practice Skills Guidelines for Medical & Nursing Practice (National Environmental Education and Training Foundation Guidelines)
- NPIC State Pesticide Requlatory Agencies
-
Oregon Child Development Coalition
- Video on Pesticide Exposure Prevention, Click under resources on OCDC
-
USDA
- AG Chemical Use Report
-
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
- Washington State Department of Health - Pesticide Program (Reporting and Surveillance Systems)
-
World Health Organization (WHO)
- International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) Pesticide Classification